Billy Walters at the Golden Nugget
and the Claridge Hotel and Casino
in Atlantic City
In June of 1986 William T. (Billy) Walters put a proposition to the Golden Nugget Casino at the foot of the Atlantic City boardwalk, namely, that he would deposit $2 Million against an equal deposit by the casino, and play until either he had won the casino's $2 Million or the casino had won his. The casino accepted. Stepping up to one of the wheels, Walters and a partner placed single bets of $2,000 on each of five numbers. The numbers were 7, 10, 20, 27, and 36. At the end of 38 hours Walters and his partner left the casino with winnings of $3,800,000, leaving the dealers a $25,000 tip.
The wheel Walters used subsequently was examined by agents both of the New Jersey Casino Control Commission and the Division of Gaming Enforcement and found to be in order. This shows the inferiority of a mechanical examination to a statistical one. It should not be necessary to perform an independent statistical test in this case. Walters' record should be good enough.
Barnhart does not give an account of Walters's data collection methods in this case, but does describe the activities of his "clockers" at the Claridge Hotel and Casino in June of 1989. After the data had been collected and analyzed, Walters and four partners arrived and started to play. In eight hours of play the partners had won $200,000. The casino retained an outside specialist to examine its wheel. Performing a mechanical examination, the specialist found irregularities in two of the casino's wheels. Ignoring his advice, Claridge management left the wheels in service. The Walters clockers found the second biased wheel and the partners won $300,000 from it.
Here clearly is a demonstration of scientific method versus superstition. It is not known what mental processes guided Claridge management in this case, but it probably was the common belief that things will "even out" in time: the very kind of thinking that causes the general public to lose at its wheels. If you flip a coin five times and it comes up heads each time it is not "due" to come up tails on the next flip -- you probably have a two headed coin.